Membangun Keterampilan Metakognitif dan Berpikit Kritis Melalui Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah Sebagai Upaya Mengatasi Kesulitan Belajar
Keywords:
Keterampilan Metkognitif, Berpikir Kritis, Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah, Kesulitan BelajarAbstract
Tulisan ini bertujuan menelaah hubungan teoritis antara keterampilan metakognitif dan berpikir kritis sebagai proses kognitif dalam kegiatan pembelajaran berbasis masalah untuk mengatasi kesulitan belajar. Lembaga Pendidikan Islam masih menghadapi tantangan dalam menghasilkan lulusan yang mampu berpikir kritis dan menguasai keterampilan metakognitif. Berdasarkan hasil telaah, maka dikemukakan temuan berikut. Keterampilan metakognitif merupakan kemampuan untuk mengelola strategi berpikir yang digunakan untuk memecahkan masalah, meliputi keterampilan memonitor, mengontrol, dan mengevaluasi proses berpikir. Sedangkan berpikir kritis merupakan kemampuan menganalisis, mensintesis, dan mengevaluasi yang berlangsung utuh-menyeluruh dalam suatu aktivitas berpikir. Aktivitas berpikir kritis harus melibatkan keterampilan metakognitif, yang memungkinkan pemanfaatan pengetahuan awal yang telah dipahami secara terstruktur dan seimbang (equilibrium). Kegiatan pembelajaran berbasis masalah mendukung berlangsungnya kegiatan berpikir kritis dan keterampilan metakognitif yang saling menopang keutuhan langkah-langkah pembelajaran, yakni; pengenalan masalah melibatkan aktivitas berpikir kritis untuk mengenali-memahami masalah, merencanakan strategi pembelajaran sebagai bagian keterampilan metakognitif, menganalisis informasi terkait, mengidentifikasi faktor pengaruhi dan mempertimbangkan berbagai perspektif (aktivitas berpikir kritis), mengevaluasi informasi, mengidentifikasi kekuatan dan kelemahan argumen dan memilih solusi (berpikir kritis), mengembangkan solusi dengan menggunakan keterampilan metakognitif untuk memantau kemajuan dan mengevaluasi hasil, menerapkan solusi dan memantau hasilnya (berpikir kritis) untuk mengevaluasi keefektifan solusi, serta merefleksikan pengalaman belajar, mengidentifikasi kekuatan-kelemahan dan memperbaiki strategi pembelajaran (keterampilan metakognitif).
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